Echo sounders are measuring instruments that send out acoustic pulses in water and measure distances in terms of the time for the echo of the pulse to return.
SONAR is an acronym for "sound navigation ranging"; ASDIC is an acronym for "antisubmarine detection investigation committee".
The name refers to the way they scatter sound waves. The layers are typically composed of krill, midwater fish, and siphonophores (species which form complex free-swimming communities composed of numerous zooids of various kinds, or organic bodies or cells having locomotion, some of which act as floats or as swimming organs, others as feeding or nutritive zooids, and others as reproductive zooids).
By comparison, the biomass at great depths is less than one gram per square meter (3.28 feet); there, the populations are less dense, although the diversity of species is greater.
Compare this to the rate in the Pacific, where they separate at a speed of 18 centimeters (7 inches) per year; which is about twenty-five times faster.
4. Average depth of the Pacific, the deepest and largest of all oceans: 4,188 meters (13,740 feet or 2.60 miles).
By itself, it represents nearly half of the expanse of water on earth.
- An Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life by James L. Sumich; Wm. C. Brown Publishers; Dubuque, Iowa; 1988.
- Marine Ecology by Jeffrey S. Levinton; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Prentice-Hall Inc.; Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey; 1982.
- The Silent Deep by Tony Koslow; The University of Chicago Press; Chicago; 2007.