American Bar Association standards of behavior, which are voluntary and intended as self-regulating for lawyer conduct in the courtroom and between lawyers and clients.

The hypothetical system in which individuals judge others to be kin or non-kin according to whether they possess certain alleles (members of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a specific chromosome) which encode a particular recognition label.

The alleles may be recognition alleles in the strict sense, controlling both the production of the pheromone and its perception, or they may prescribe a less direct phenotype matching system.