An issue that takes place when a buyer or seller entering a disadvantageous contract on the basis of incomplete or inaccurate information because the cost of obtaining the relevant information is higher for a buyer or seller than the other party involved in the transaction: An adverse-selection problem can arise when a less-informed individual is likely to buy a used car where low-quality vehicles that are defect or unsatisfactory are for sale.

A natural choice or selection arising from a selfless behavior by animals towards members of their own species: Kin selection is the selective preference of genes as a result of one or more individuals' favoring or disfavoring the survival and reproduction of relatives who possess the same genes by common descent which usually excludes offspring.